Monetary And Sustainable Development Uk Governments Have...

Macro-economic policy is designed to achieve the aims of full employment, stable prices and sustainable development. In order to achieve them, policies and targets are set by governments. These policies are mainly monetary and fiscal. In this essay, I will examine the aims and policy objectives which UK governments have pursued from the credit crunch of 2008 up to the present time. The credit crunch in 2008 was caused by irresponsible mortgage lending by banks. High-risk loans were made to people who were at considerable risk of not being able to repay them. These loans were then packaged together and sold on in to the investment market. Investors bought the safer tranches because they trusted the triple-A credit ratings assigned by†¦show more content†¦The stock market had a frantic time in the month from September 29th 2008, as shares decreased hugely in value. The economy was pushed in to recession. How did the UK government response to this global crisis? From 2007 to 2010 the Labour government was in power. Gordon Brown was the PM and Alistair Darling the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The labour government applied Keynesian economic theory to stimulate the economy. This would allow citizens to have more money to spend and help generate economy recovery. Interest rates were a key weapon in the fight. Between May 2008 and April 2009 UK bank base rate was reduced from 5% to 0.5% (where it has remained ever since). The government wanted to encourage the population to spend more by reducing the cost of borrowing. Between March and November 2009 the bank of England purchased  £200 billion of financial assets from UK banks, using newly created money . This so-called â€Å"quantitative easing† was designed to give banks more money to inject in to the economy. The Labour government also applied fiscal policy to the problem. They continued to run a large budget deficit. They also applied fiscal stimulus. In particular, they cut VAT in November 2008 to give the population more money to spend. The Labour government also effectively nationalised two major UK banks (HBOS and Royal Bank of Scotland) after their discovered how vulnerable these banks had

How The Cross Sectional Factors Affect Inner City Youth Essay

I. Introduction to Delinquency Over the last few years modern America has seen an increase in the strain and criminality of inner-city youth. There are many factors that lead to the delinquency of minority youth. However, when it comes to the social construct of segregation, criminologists can predict that today’s inner-city youth have few options when it comes to their future. Today’s socially constructed ghettos have developed stresses such as poverty, over policing and racial segregation, creating tension between inner-city youth and the social factors surrounding them. Many criminologists believe there to be a correlation between a cross-sectional view of factors that lead young Latino and African American youth to develop their delinquent habits. Within this argument the paper will discuss how the cross-sectional factors of age, class and race discourage impoverished inner-city youth and veer them towards delinquency. The discussion will be supported by ten separate sources, linked between five topics the paper will present how the three factors of difference (age, class and race) have an effect on the populations of inner-city youth. II. Literature Review: The Five Stresses In this section the paper will introduce five stresses or topics supported by the scholarly articles, presenting the key findings of those articles and how they relate to the three categories of difference. The five topics, supported by the references are the effects of school inequality andShow MoreRelatedThe Media Of Teen Drug Abuse2396 Words   |  10 Pagesin the media regarding teen drug abuse, and does this stereotype hold any ground? We chose to research this topic because of the common stigma that the media portrays on every day African American teens, and we wanted to know how this effects their everyday lives, like how they are treated because of this stigma. 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Our appearance can be an important factor In developing a sense of our identity free essay sample

?â€Å"Our appearance can be an important factor In developing a sense of our identity† I often wonder around the city aimlessly capturing the atmosphere that the city unfolds itself by taking photos of buildings, riots, and most importantly the city people. For years people have ensnared me, countless of times I have sat on a train or at cafe just gazing at them. Their personalities, their mannerism and the lives they lead have always seem to drawn me in. I often find myself thinking what has shaped them? As I walk down flinders street steps, my attention is lead to the prominent sight of â€Å"emos†, sitting there, with their groups smoking looking glum. Their garments are most prominently black with hints of red. Black jeans with a studded belt over the top, black t-shirt that often features some type of band name on it, black converse shoes and maybe a few safety pins thrown in for good measure. We will write a custom essay sample on Our appearance can be an important factor In developing a sense of our identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To create a contrast their layered hair with long straight bangs range from peroxide blonde to blues and green. Their piercing obtrude from their body as coy people brisk down the steps in a fast pace avoiding any eye contact with these perceived teenager delinquents. Rather then diminishing their identities in order to belong, they represent themselves through their appearance reflecting their strong sense of sense and their emotions of hating the world and being all black. Marieke Hardy is one who takes great care in making sure her appearance complements her personality, which infuses her uniqueness. In the article she wrote in the age, Hardy reflects how her sense of fashion consists of â€Å"an assault of red and white polka dots, bright lipstick†¦and flower adorned hair† portraying how the sense of clothes she wears strengthens her identity and shows off her personality. She claims that her bold and in your face attitude is mirrored through her facade. J Alexander a judge from Americans Next Top Model also makes sure his appearances denotes his sense of place. J Alexander dresses very feminism and is often referred to as Miss J. If you haven’t picked up already he is Gay. His feminism appearances reflect his sexuality and his strong sense of knowing who is and being proud of it. Through Marieka Hardy and J Alexander they show how the help of austere garments choices ultimately reflects the way you feel on the inside and making It easier to exert your individuality and be who you want to be. This prompt can also work in reverse for those who feel that their appearance does not match their personality or the way the want to be seen. Through Sunil Badami’s story â€Å"Sticks and Stones and Such Like† he highlights the schism, which he feels between his â€Å"Indian appearances with [his] Australian feeling†. He attempts to remove his brown skin by â€Å"scrubbing† his â€Å"right arm† with a â€Å"floor brush† to be what he perceives as normal. The desire of Sunil wanting to fit in, placed confusion on himself. The appearance he created for himself made him feel that he wasn’t different even though he still didn’t seem to fit in. The nurse highlights to Sunil that â€Å"we are all pink on the inside† to portray how the appearance of someone can be stereotyped and that your true sense of identity comes from within. However it can be hard to let your inner sense of identity to stand out when they way you look gives you an overriding notion of being different. Wandering down Swanston Street, with the camera in my hand, it all comes clear to be that the way you look can have a negative impact on people. The maddening rush that is in peak our Melbourne, one man seems to be overlooked. He sits beneath of those coming from the bargain sales or going home from a long day at work, with out an derision, but rather of deep desolation. The shoes on his feet are torn, his hair is unwashed and tangled, and this mans appearance defines every aspect of who he is, with one word homeless. The society stereotypes him as they walk past, seeming him as dangerous and a drug attic that is easily aggravated. The appearance you create for yourself is merely superficial and a minute aspects of ones identity.

Persian Gulf Essay Example For Students

Persian Gulf Essay Persian Gulf War-the Feat of the Western CountriesOn August 2nd, 1990 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take control Kuwaits oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the worlds oil reserves ). Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraqs annual revenue. Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman province collapsed after World War I and todays Iraqi borders were not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 1963. Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce Iraqs essential oil income. By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council passed 12 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 1991. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult to decide upon and state one overriding r eason for going to war. Was it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies? Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public opinion in favor of war. After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in early August 1990, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwaits destiny; therefore, he wanted protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called Operation Desert Shield. These troops were armed with light, defensive weaponry. On November 8, 1990 President Bush announced a military buildup to provide an offensive option, Operation Desert Storm, to f orce Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in January 1991, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council resolution 660. It authorized using all necessary means if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More than $53 billion was pledged and received. Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that the Coalition had a total of 2600 aircraft, over three times more than Iraqs 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan, the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraqs leader only 40 days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraqs prospect was dreary. .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .postImageUrl , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:hover , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:visited , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:active { border:0!important; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:active , .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7 .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u06e67578c3b257baed48f3d96212f7b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pygmalion Act Iiii Essay President George Bush waited two days after the UN deadline for Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait before ordering the Coalition to begin action against Iraq. The winds of Desert Storm began howling across Iraq on January 17, 1991, at 2.30 am Baghdad time. Bhagdad was bombed fiercely by the coalitions fighter airplanes in the first night of the war. An interesting fact is that several weeks before this, US intelligence agents successfully inserted a computer virus into Iraqs military computers. It was designed to disable much of Baghdads air-defense system. To minimize casualties, the coalition forces, under the command of U. S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, pursued a strategy beginning with five weeks of intensive air attacks and ending with a ground assault. Drawing on its 1,800 planes, land- and carrier-based, the United States flew the greatest number of sorties. The British, French, and Saudis made up most of the rest. Besides the tremendous air power, the coalition deployed technologically advanced weapon systems, such as the unmanned Tomahawk cruise missile, advanced infrared targeting that illuminated Iraqi tanks buried in the, sand and laser-guided bombs, smart bombs. Its use of brand new aircraft that never before had been engaged in combat, such as British Tornados and U. S. F-117A Stealth fighters, gave the Coalition an accuracy and firepower that overwhelmed the Iraqi forces. The large-scale usage of air force and latest technology made the war short and saved great numbers of Coalition soldiers lives. After establishing air superiority, coalition forces disabled Iraqs command and control centers, especially in Baghdad and Al Bashrah. This caused the communication to fail between Baghdad and the troops in the field. The next stage was to attack relentlessly Iraqs infantry, which was dug in along the Saudi-Kuwaiti border, and the elite 125,000 man Republican Guard in southeastern Iraq and northern Kuwait. Iraq retaliated by using mobile launchers to fire Scud missiles at Saudi Arabia and Israel, a noncombatant coalition. Overall, Husseins forces launched 93 Scuds. The United States countered this threat with Patriot antimissile missiles, called also Scudbusters, and commando attacks on Scud launchers. Patriot missiles gave an engagement rate of nearly 96 per cent. The coalitions air raids on Iraqs infantry lowered Iraqi soldiers morale dramatically. It is easy to sense in the following quote from an Iraqi lieutenants war diary the powerlessness and fear that the soldiers felt during air attacks by the Co alition:2 February 1991 I was awakened this morning by the noise of an enemy air raid. I ran and hid in the nearby trench. I had breakfast and afterwards something indescribable happened. Two enemy planes came toward us and began firing at us, in turn, with missiles, machine guns, and rockets. I was almost killed. Death was a yard away from me. The missiles, machine guns and rockets didnt let up. One of the rockets hit and pierced our shelter, which was penetrated by shrapnel. Over and over we said, Allah, Allah, Allah. One tank burned and three other tanks belonging to 3rd Company, which we were with, were destroyed. That was a very bad experience. Time passed and we waited to die. The munitions dump of the 68th Tank Battalion exploded. A cannon shell fell on one of the soldiers positions, but, thank God, no one was there. The soldiers were somewhere else. The attack lasted about 15 minutes, but it seemed like a year to me. I read chapters in the Quran. How hard it is to be killed by someone you dont know, youve never seen and, cant confront. He is in the sky and youre on the ground. Our ground resistance is magnificent. After the air raid, I gave great thanks to God and joined some soldiers to ask how each of them was. While I was doing that, another air attack began. 2 February at 2000 hours. The ground war began at 8:00 p.m. on February 23 and lasted exactly 100 hours. This phase featured a massively successful outflanking movement of the Iraqi forces. Schwarzkopf used a deceptive maneuver by deploying a large number of forces as if to launch a large amphibious landing. The Iraqis apparently anticipated that they also would be attacked frontally and had heavily fortified those defensive positions. Schwarzkopf instead moved the bulk of his forces west and north in a major use of helicopters, attacking the Iraqis from their rear. The five weeks of intensive air attack had greatly demoralized the Iraqi front-line troops, causing wholesale desertions. Remainin g front-line forces were quickly killed or taken prisoner with minimal coalition losses. Iraqi front-line commanders had already lost much of their ability to communicate with Baghdad, which made their situation even worse. On the final night of the war, within hours of the cease-fire, two U.S. Air force bombers dropped specially design ed 5,000-pound bombs on a command bunker fifteen miles northwest of Baghdad in a deliberate attempt to kill Saddam Hussein. President Bushs decision to terminate the ground war at midnight February 28, 1991 was criticized, because it allowed Baghdad to rescue a large amount of military equipment and personnel that were later used to suppress the postwar rebellions of its Shiite and Kurdish citizens. In his own defense, the president asserted that the war had accomplished its mandate. The mission, given by the Security Council, was to expel the Iraqi forces from Kuwait and reestablish Kuwaiti independence. Bushs decision was probably influenced by his desire to maintain coalition unity. A particular reason was to keep on board the Arab members, who were increasingly unhappy at the devastation inflicted on Iraqs infrastructure and civilian population. Iraqi representatives accepted allied terms for a provisional truce on March 3 and a permanent cease-fire on April 6. Iraq agreed to pay reparations to Kuwait, reveal the location and extent of its stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and eliminate its weapons of mass destruction. Subsequently, however, UN inspectors complained that the Baghdad government was frustrating their attempts to monitor Iraqi compliance, and UN sanctions against Iraq were kept in place. The following chart shows total equipment and casualties of the Gulf War. In addition, 300,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded, 150,000 were deserted, and 60,000 were taken prisoner (an estimate of U. S. Defense Intelligence Agency). The United States suffered 148 killed in action, 458 wounded, and 11 female combat de aths. 121 were killed in nonhostile actions; they were mostly victims of friendly fire.